Produksi Briket dari Karbon Aktif Serbuk Kayu Mahoni melalui Variasi Temperatur Aktivasi untuk Energi Terbarukan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62278/jits.v4i1.143Keywords:
Briket, Karbon aktif, Nilai kalor, Serbuk kayu mahoni, temperatur aktivasiAbstract
Limbah serbuk kayu mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni) memiliki kandungan karbon yang tinggi, tetapi pemanfaatannya sebagai bahan bakar padat bernilai tambah masih terbatas. Selain itu, hubungan antara temperatur aktivasi, struktur karbon, karakteristik proksimat, dan performa pembakaran briket belum banyak dikaji secara komprehensif. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh temperatur aktivasi terhadap karakteristik karbon aktif berbasis serbuk kayu mahoni dan kualitas briket yang dihasilkan. Serbuk kayu dikarbonisasi, diimpregnasi menggunakan H3PO4 dengan rasio 1:3 (b/v), kemudian diaktivasi selama 2 jam pada temperatur 600, 700, dan 800 °C. Karbon aktif hasil aktivasi dikarakterisasi menggunakan X-ray diffraction (XRD), sedangkan briket yang dibuat dari karbon aktif tersebut diuji melalui analisis proksimat, pengukuran nilai kalor, laju pembakaran, dan lama pembakaran. Hasil XRD menunjukkan bahwa seluruh sampel karbon aktif memiliki struktur karbon amorf dengan puncak lebar pada 2θ sekitar 24-26° serta kecenderungan peningkatan keteraturan struktur pada temperatur aktivasi yang lebih tinggi. Peningkatan temperatur aktivasi dari 600 menjadi 800 °C menyebabkan penurunan kadar air briket dari 6,80% menjadi 3,70%, kadar zat terbang dari 25,80% menjadi 17,40%, dan laju pembakaran dari 0,113 menjadi 0,093 g/menit. Sebaliknya, peningkatan temperatur aktivasi menyebabkan kenaikan kadar abu dari 5,10% menjadi 10,20%, karbon terikat dari 62,30% menjadi 68,70%, nilai kalor dari 4.253 menjadi 4.768 kal/g, dan lama pembakaran dari 41,8 menjadi 54,9 menit. Dengan demikian, temperatur aktivasi 800 °C menghasilkan kinerja pembakaran terbaik, yaitu nilai kalor dan karbon terikat tertinggi, laju pembakaran terendah, serta durasi terpanjang, meskipun kadar abu meningkat.
References
Akhator, P. E., Bazuaye, L., Ewere, A., & Oshiokhai, O. (2023). Production and characterisation of solid waste-derived fuel briquettes from mixed wood wastes and waste pet bottles. Heliyon, 9(e21432), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21432
Alouiz, I., Benhadj, M., Harboul, K., Boukhris, M., Elmontassir, D., Sennoune, M., Amarouch, M. Y., & Mazouzi, D. (2025). Activated carbon from olive pomace for hexavalent chromium removal: synthesis, characterization, and adsorption mechanism analysis. Scientific Reports, 15(18576), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95278-2
Antil, B., Olhan, S., & Vander Wal, R. L. (2025). Production of Graphitic Carbon from Renewable Lignocellulosic Biomass Source. Minerals, 15(262), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15030262
Arisandi, R., Takahashi, K., Nirsatmanto, A., Sunarti, S., Rimbawanto, A., Putri, A. I., Kartikawati, N. K., Haryjanto, L., Herawan, T., Lestari, F., & Lukmandaru, G. (2024). Analysis of Lipophilic Constituents Related to Heartwood Formation in Young Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq Trees. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, 52(1), 13–30. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2024.52.1.13
Arundina, R. Y., Permana, I., Togatorop, E. R. S., Ismadi, I., Kusumah, S. S., Budiman, I., Subyakto, S., & Marlina, R. (2021). Synthesis and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches and Mahogany Sawdust. Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan, 10(2), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v10i2.33488
Bagbi, Y., Yomgam, P., Libang, E., Boruah, B., Kaur, J., Jayanthi, S., Kumar, S., & Dhania, N. K. (2024). Waste bamboo-derived magnetically separable bamboo-activated carbon: from characterization to effective remediation of fluoride (F−) ions from water. RSC Advances, 14(34), 24952–24968. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra03752a
Barakat, N. A. M., Mahmoud, M. S., & Moustafa, H. M. (2024). Comparing specific capacitance in rice husk-derived activated carbon through phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide activation order variations. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-49675-0
Chantona, J., Mahdie, M. F., & Abidin, Z. (2026). Karakteristik Biopelet Serbuk Kayu Mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni) dan Sekam Padi (Oryza sativa). Jurnal Sylva Scienteae, 09(2), 303–314. https://doi.org/10.20527/jss.v9i2.18945
Deepti, Awasthi, D., Pal, K., Patra, T. K., Gakkhar, N., & Toor, A. P. (2026). Biomass densification pathways for India: An overview on technologies, characterization, testing, challenges and economics. Energy for Sustainable Development, 90(101878), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101878
Farma, R., Julita, R. I., Apriyani, I., Awitdrus, A., & Taer, E. (2023). ZnCl2-assisted synthesis of coffee bean bagasse-based activated carbon as a stable material for high-performance supercapacitors. Materials Today: Proceedings, 87, 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.01.370
Fletcher, A., Somorin, T., & Aladeokin, O. (2024). Production of High Surface Area Activated Carbon from Peanut Shell by Chemical Activation with Zinc Chloride: Optimisation and Characterization. Bioenergy Research, 17(1), 467–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-023-10683-7
Gebrezgabher, B. T., Desta, M. B., & Belete, F. A. (2025). Production and characterization of charcoal briquettes from sesame stalks as an alternative energy source. Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 14(23), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40243-024-00286-3
Guo, J., Zhang, Y., Fang, J., Ma, Z., Li, C., Yan, M., Qiao, N., Liu, Y., & Bian, M. (2024). Reduction and Reuse of Forestry and Agricultural Bio-Waste through Innovative Green Utilization Approaches: A Review. Forests, 15(1372), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081372
Hairudin, N. A. M., Yahya, N. Y., & Lee, Y. S. (2025). Pilot evaluation of carbonization temperature and binder percentage on the properties of construction and demolition waste briquettes. Next Research, 2(100440), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexres.2025.100440
Halimatussadiah, A., Kruger, W., Wagner, F., Afifi, F. A. R., Lufti, R. E. G., & Kitzing, L. (2024). The country of perpetual potential: Why is it so difficult to procure renewable energy in Indonesia? Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 201(114627), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114627
Hallad, S. C., Panwar, N. L., & Kavan Kumar, V. (2025). Investigating the carbon reduction potential of carbon derived from sugarcane Bagasse. Discover Sustainability, 6(1130), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01921-3
Haryanto, A., Hidayat, W., Hasanudin, U., Iryani, D. A., Kim, S., Lee, S., & Yoo, J. (2021). Valorization of indonesian wood wastes through pyrolysis: A review. Energies, 14(1407), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051407
Jayakumar, M., Hamda, A. S., Abo, L. D., Daba, B. J., Venkatesa Prabhu, S., Rangaraju, M., Jabesa, A., Periyasamy, S., Suresh, S., & Baskar, G. (2023). Comprehensive review on lignocellulosic biomass derived biochar production, characterization, utilization and applications. Chemosphere, 345(140515), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140515
Karim, A. R., Danish, M., Alam, M. G., & Seng, T. G. (2024). Effect of different ratio KOH treatment on neem bark in the formation of activated carbon: Adsorption characteristics study. Surfaces and Interfaces, 55(105476), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2024.105476
Kumaravel, S., Geetha, M., Niyitanga, T., Kumar, D. S., Al-Ansari, M. M., Mythili, R., Suganthi, S., Guganathan, L., Murugan, A., & Ragupathy, S. (2024). Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from corn cob by chemical activation and their adsorption of brilliant green dye from wastewater. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 188, 1338–1345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.05.127
Kundu, S., Khandaker, T., Anik, M. A. A. M., Hasan, M. K., Dhar, P. K., Dutta, S. K., Latif, M. A., & Hossain, M. S. (2024). A comprehensive review of enhanced CO2 capture using activated carbon derived from biomass feedstock. RSC Advances, 14(40), 29693–29736. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra04537h
Liu, X., Liu, M., Ma, C., Yu, H., Yu, W., & Liu, W. (2026). Research and Perspectives on Surface Functional Group Characterization of Activated Carbon Catalysts. Catalysts, 16(558), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16060558
Long, J., He, P., Przystupa, K., Wang, Y., & Kochan, O. (2024). Preparation of Oily Sludge-Derived Activated Carbon and Its Adsorption Performance for Tetracycline Hydrochloride. Molecules, 29(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29040769
Manimekala, T., Sivasubramanian, R., Dar, M. A., & Dharmalingam, G. (2025). Crafting the architecture of biomass-derived activated carbon via electrochemical insights for supercapacitors: a review. RSC Advances, 15(4), 2490–2522. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra07682f
Meadows, D. A., Clouse, D. E., Adhikari, S., & Davis, V. A. (2023). Prediction of structural properties of activated carbons derived from lignocellulosic biomass components using mixture design of experiments. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 303(127715), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.127715
Mishra, R. K., Singh, B., & Acharya, B. (2024). A comprehensive review on activated carbon from pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: An application for energy and the environment. Carbon Resources Conversion, 7(100228), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crcon.2024.100228
Nakimuli, C. N., Kaggwa, F., De Greef, J., Okot, D. K., Blondeau, J., & Kawuma, S. (2025). Review of machine learning applications for predicting the quality of biomass briquettes for sustainable and low-carbon energy solutions. Green Energy and Resources, 3(100130), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerr.2025.100130
Nganko, J. M., Koffi, E. P. M., Gbaha, P., Toure, A. O., Kane, M., Ndiaye, B., Faye, M., Nkounga, W. M., Tiogue Tekounegning, C., Bile, E. E. J., & Yao, K. B. (2024). Modeling and optimization of compaction pressure, binder percentage and retention time in the production process of carbonized sawdust-based biofuel briquettes using response surface methodology (RSM). Heliyon, 10(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25376
Ngene, G. I., Bouesso, B., González Martínez, M., & Nzihou, A. (2024). A review on biochar briquetting: Common practices and recommendations to enhance mechanical properties and environmental performances. Journal of Cleaner Production, 469(143193), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143193
Nuryawan, A., Simatupang, J., Risnasari, I., Nur, T. Bin, Fatriasari, W., Basyuni, M., Tambunan, H., Utami, S. S., & Jeong, B. (2025). Physical, chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of charcoal briquettes produced from mangrove branch wood. Frontiers in Materials, 12(1611316), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2025.1611316
Ondari, B. O., Kimutai, S., & Mukubwa, E. (2025). Combustion Characteristics of Briquettes of Different Feed-Stock of Agricultural Wastes a Review. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS), X(VI), 1654–1662. https://doi.org/10.51584/IJRIAS.2025.100600124
Prahesti, A. Y. P., Anggita, S. R., & Kusuma, H. H. (2025). Effect of Carbonization Temperature on Pore Formation and Adsorption Ability of Coconut Shell Activated Carbon with KOH Activator. JFA (Jurnal Fisika Dan Aplikasinya), 21(3), 83–86. https://doi.org/10.12962/j24604682.v21i3.21624
Prasetyo, D. A., Violita, E. A., Sholikah, U., & Astuti, U. P. (2025). Pengaruh Komposisi Campuran dan Ukuran Butiran terhadap Kualitas Briket Arang dari Limbah Serbuk Kayu Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla) dengan Perekat Daun Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas). J-TETA: Jurnal Teknik Terapan, 4(2), 120–127. https://doi.org/10.25047/jteta.v4i2.65
Putra, N. R., Veza, I., & Irianto, I. (2024). Harnessing wood waste for sustainable biofuel: A bibliometric analysis and review of valorisation strategies. Waste Management Bulletin, 2(4), 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wmb.2024.11.006
Rusman, L. O., Lestari, L., Raharjo, S., Usman, I., & Chrismiwahdani, D. (2023). Pengaruh Temperatur Aktivasi Terhadap Kualitas Briket Arang Aktif Sekam Padi. JoP (Journal Online of Physics), 8(3), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.22437/jop.v8i3.23846
Saputra, D. A., Pratoto, A., Rahman, M. F., & Kodama, A. (2024). The Effect of Chemical Activation Agents and Activation Temperature on the Pore Structure of Rice Husk-Derived Activated Carbon. Malaysian Journal of Science, 43(sp1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.22452/mjs.vol43sp1.1
Sayed, N. S. M., Ahmed, A. S. A., Abdallah, M. H., & Gouda, G. A. (2024). ZnO@ activated carbon derived from wood sawdust as adsorbent for removal of methyl red and methyl orange from aqueous solutions. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55158-7
Silas, K., Ibrahim, N. A., Isah, U. A., Mohammed, H. D., Undiandeye, J., Ngulde, A. B., & Babagana, G. (2025). Optimizing sustainable briquette production by utilizing local feedstock. Measurement: Energy, 8(100074), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100074
Solórzano, R., Paquiyauri, A., Neyra, W., Siqueira-Bahia, R. de C., & Vallejos-Torres, G. (2025). Analysis of binder proportions on the calorific value in a briquette made from cocoa pod husk in the Peruvian Amazon. Frontiers in Energy Research, 13(1661636), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2025.1661636
Spencer, W., Senanayake, G., Altarawneh, M., Ibana, D., & Nikoloski, A. N. (2024). Review of the effects of coal properties and activation parameters on activated carbon production and quality. Minerals Engineering, 212(108712), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2024.108712
Tsai, C. H., & Tsai, W. T. (2023). Optimization of Physical Activation Process by CO2 for Activated Carbon Preparation from Honduras Mahogany Pod Husk. Materials, 16(6558), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16196558
Ullah, S., Shah, S. S. A., Altaf, M., Hossain, I., El Sayed, M. E., Kallel, M., El-Bahy, Z. M., Rehman, A. ur, Najam, T., & Nazir, M. A. (2024). Activated carbon derived from biomass for wastewater treatment: Synthesis, application and future challenges. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 179(106480), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106480
Walozi, R., Onep, G. S., Sanusi, Y. S., Babiker, O. E., Dennison, M. S., Candia, A., & Okurut, S. (2026). A comprehensive review of chemical treatments for biomass feedstock to enhance briquette characteristics. Discover Sustainability, 7(717), 1–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-026-03045-8
Wei, S., Tan, Z., Liu, Z., Zuo, H., Xia, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Removal of methyl orange dye by high surface area biomass activated carbon prepared from bamboo fibers. Industrial Crops and Products, 218(118991), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118991
Wu, M., Wei, K., Jiang, J., Xu, B. Bin, & Ge, S. (2025). Advancing green sustainability: A comprehensive review of biomass briquette integration for coal-based energy frameworks. International Journal of Coal Science and Technology, 12(44), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-025-00779-0
Yanti, I. F., Wibawa, P. J., & Mukimin, A. (2024). Fabrication of Coconut Shell-Derived Graphitic Activated Carbon for Carbon-based Electrode Materials. Jurnal Kimia Sains Dan Aplikasi, 27(9), 456–463. https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.27.9.456-463
Yiga, V. A., Nuwamanya, A., Birungi, A., Lubwama, M., & Lubwama, H. N. (2023). Development of carbonized rice husks briquettes: Synergy between emissions, combustion, kinetics and thermodynamic characteristics. Energy Reports, 9, 5977–5991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.05.066
Yirijor, J., & Bere, A. A. T. (2024). Production and characterization of coconut shell charcoal-based bio-briquettes as an alternative energy source for rural communities. Heliyon, 10(e35717), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35717
Yogamalar, N. R., Chithambararaj, A., & Bhagya Mathi, D. (2025). Advancing sustainability through biomass-derived carbon activation for high porosity and surface area in electrochemical capacitance. Journal of Power Sources, 647(237324), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.237324
Zazira, A. Z., Fachraniah, & Ridwan. (2024). Pengaruh Jenis Aktivator Terhadap Karakteristik Karbon Aktif Berbahan Ampas Tebu. Jurnal Teknologi, 24(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.30811/teknologi.v24i1.4973
Zerin, N. H., Rasul, M. G., Jahirul, M. I., Sayem, A. S. M., Quadir, Z., & Haque, R. (2025). XRD Characterization of Activated Carbons Synthesized from Tyre Pyrolysis Char via KOH Activation. Technologies, 13(565), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13120565
Zuo, Y., Feng, J., Soyol-Erdene, T. O., Wei, Z., Hu, T., Zhang, Y., & Tang, W. (2023). Recent advances in wood-derived monolithic carbon materials: Synthesis approaches, modification methods and environmental applications. Chemical Engineering Journal, 463(142332), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.142332
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhamad Taufik Ulhakim, Ade Suhara, Nafisa Rizki Maulida, Farah Nadira Noer, Bella Kharisma, Annissa Novalinda Al-Mi’raj, Rezki Diwanti Suci Lestari, Desti Martina
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
